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Introduction

In the pantheon of American cinema, few films have left as indelible a mark as One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Released in 1975, the film not only swept the major categories at the Academy Awards but also deeply embedded itself in the cultural consciousness. Fifty years later, its themes of institutional control, rebellion, individuality, and the thin line between sanity and madness remain as potent and relevant as ever.

As we commemorate this monumental anniversary in 2025, Cinema Scholars takes a deep dive into the fascinating journey of how this iconic film came to life, from its literary origins to its legacy as one of the greatest films ever made.

Beginnings

The story of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest begins with Ken Kesey’s groundbreaking 1962 novel. The book drew inspiration from his time working the night shift at a psychiatric facility and his participation in government-sponsored LSD experiments. Kesey crafted a powerful narrative about individuality versus authority, told through the eyes of the silent observer, Chief Bromden. A critical success, the novel quickly gained a cult following for its unflinching look at the horrific and dehumanizing effects of institutionalization.

Kirk Douglas was captivated by the novel. To such an extent that in 1962, he acquired the film and stage rights. He intended to portray the lead character, the rebellious Randle R.P. McMurphy, in both productions. The play had a modest run, but Douglas was convinced the story could reach new heights on the big screen. He spent years trying—and failing—to get the film made. Studios balked at the controversial content and bleak tone. It wasn’t until 1971 that Kirk’s son, the up-and-coming actor/producer Michael Douglas, convinced his father to allow him to produce the movie. Kirk Douglas spoke to The Guardian in 2017:

“My father, Kirk, had acquired the rights to Ken Kesey’s novel in the early 1960s and developed it into a Broadway play, with him playing the lead character, RP McMurphy. He tried for years to turn it into a film, but it never got any momentum. Meanwhile, I was at university in Santa Barbara and was very politically active, what with the Vietnam war going on. I loved the book: it was a brilliantly conceived story of one man against the system. I had never thought about producing, but I told my dad, “Let me run with this”

Michael Douglas initially optioned the film to director Richard Rush, who was unable to secure financing. Eventually, in 1973, Douglas announced he would co-produce the film with Saul Zaentz under the umbrella of Fantasy Records’ new film division. Zaentz loved Keasy’s book and wanted him to rewrite the screenplay. Keasy eventually withdrew from the project due to creative differences over casting and the overall narrative.

Pre-Production

Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman were eventually hired to write a new screenplay. This time from the third-person point of view. This was opposed to Keasy’s version, which was told in the first person and from the mind of Chief Bromden (Will Sampson). Hal Ashby was hired to direct the project. But he was quickly replaced by Milos Forman after he fled Czechoslovakia for the United States. Things had come full circle as Forman was Kirk Douglas’s first choice to direct over ten years earlier. 

Forman, who was struggling with mental health issues at the time, was holed up in New York City. Staying at the famed Chelsea Hotel, Douglas and Zaentz sent Forman a copy of Keasy’s novel. The director didn’t realize this was the project that Kirk Douglas had hired him to direct ten years earlier. Regardless, Forman loved the material, later stating in 2012:

“To me, [the story] was not just literature, but real life, the life I lived in Czechoslovakia from my birth in 1932 until 1968. The Communist Party was my Nurse Ratched, telling me what I could and could not do; what I was or was not allowed to say; where I was and was not allowed to go; even who I was and was not”

Douglas also knew that authenticity would be key to grounding the film. He and Zaentz scouted locations across the country before settling on the Oregon State Hospital in Salem, Oregon—an actual mental institution that not only served as the filming location but also provided an atmosphere that was impossible to replicate on a soundstage. It was also the setting of Keasy’s novel. The hospital’s progressive and eccentric director, Dr. Dean Brooks, agreed to let the production film on-site, and even appeared in the movie as Dr. Spivey.

Jack Nicholson

Kirk Douglas had held out hope that he could reprise his role as McMurphy for the film version. However, by the early 1970s, at age 59, he was deemed too old. The search for the perfect McMurphy was exhaustive. Several major stars were considered, including Gene Hackman, James Caan, Marlon Brando, and even Burt Reynolds. But it was Jack Nicholson, fresh off his Oscar-nominated role in Chinatown, who ultimately won the part. The relationship between Kirk and Michael Douglas would be strained for many years over this.

Nicholson brought a wild-eyed unpredictability and fierce intelligence to McMurphy. The actor blended rebellion with vulnerability in a way that captured the essence of the character. His casting would prove pivotal. Not only did it mark a career-defining role for Nicholson, but it also set the tone for the ensemble cast. Nicholson did extensive research for the role, which included spending time with patients in a psychiatric ward and observing electroshock therapy.

Supporting Cast

The supporting cast was a mix of established actors and fresh faces. Danny DeVito (Martini) was the first to be cast as he also played the part on Broadway. Christopher Lloyd (Taber) and Brad Dourif (Billy Bibbit) were virtually unknown at the time, yet each delivered unforgettable performances that launched their careers. Dourif’s portrayal of the stuttering, emotionally fragile Billy earned him an Oscar nomination.

Chief Bromden was played by Will Sampson and was referred to by Mel Lambert (who portrayed the harbormaster in the fishing scene). Lambert, a used car dealer, met Douglas on an airplane flight when Douglas told him they needed a “big guy” to play the part of the Chief. Lambert’s father often sold cars to Native American customers and several months later Lambert phoned Douglas to say: “The biggest sonofabitch Indian came in the other day!” The rest is history.

Casting Nurse Ratched proved to be difficult. Angela Lansbury, Anne Bancroft, Geraldine Page, Ellen Burstyn, and Jane Fonda all turned down the role. The character was cold, manipulative, and emotionally repressive—not a part many actresses wanted to take on. Eventually, Lily Tomlin was cast. However, Forman became interested in the relatively unknown Louise Fletcher, and the change was made. Her quiet, composed demeanor masked a chilling authority that made Nurse Ratched one of the most memorable and terrifying antagonists in film history. 

Filming

After a week of rehearsals, which included co-existing with the institutionalized patients, principal photography on One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest began on January 13, 1975, in Salem and Depoe Bay, Oregon. Many of the actors fully immersed themselves in the performance, often staying in character when not filming. Brooks, in his capacity as hospital director, assigned a patient for each cast member to shadow. Some of the supporting players even slept on the wards at night. Douglas later found out that many of the patients were criminally insane. Michael Douglas spoke to The Guardian in 2017:

“The other insane decision Saul and I made was to shoot the film in an actual mental hospital in Oregon in January, when it gets dark at three in the afternoon….He (Dean Brooks) wanted to incorporate his patients into the crew. We ended up with a number of them working in different departments. I didn’t realise until later that many of them were criminally insane. We had an arsonist working in the art department”

The production was not without its challenges. Forman, known for his meticulous approach, often clashed with cast members, especially since the director refused to show his actors dailies. This incensed Nicholson in particular, who at one point stopped speaking with Forman altogether. Haskell Wexler, the film’s cinematographer, was fired by Forman over creative differences and replaced by Bill Butler. Both were nominated for Academy Awards.

The shoot was grueling, running over schedule and over budget. At one point, Nicholson famously accepted the BAFTA Award for Best Actor for Chinatown while filming in the Oregon State Hospital and still in character as McMurphy. Nicholson, surrounded by his castmates, delivers an unhinged acceptance speech that had the British audience both baffled and amused. It was a testament to just how deeply he had immersed himself in the role. Zaentz, who was personally financing the film, came up with the additional $2 million needed to complete the picture.

Post-Production

Once filming wrapped, the challenge of shaping the raw footage into a coherent and emotionally powerful film fell to editor Richard Chew. The decision to use natural light, handheld cameras, and long takes gave the film a documentary-like feel. Combined with Jack Nitzsche’s haunting score, the film maintained a delicate balance between realism and stylized narrative.

One of the biggest hurdles during post-production was pacing. Forman and his team wanted the story to unfold at a deliberate tempo, allowing the audience to experience the oppressive monotony of institutional life. Editor Sheldon Kahn worked closely with Forman to trim the fat without losing the soul of the story.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtHI0ipkgEo

While United Artists had initial reservations about the tone and length of Forman’s final cut of the film, early test screenings of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest proved to be encouraging. The audience response was overwhelmingly positive, which set the stage for a groundbreaking release in 1975.

Release and Reception

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest had its world premiere in Chicago on November 19, 1975. It was the second-highest-grossing film released that year in the United States and Canada at $109 million, and the seventh-highest-grossing film of all time at the time. As it was released in November, most of its gross was in 1976 and was also the highest-grosser for the calendar year 1976 with rentals of $56.5 million. Worldwide, the film grossed over $163,250,000 on a $4 million budget. It was the highest-grossing film released by United Artists up to that time.

Critically, the film was also a success, although some major critics of the time did have reservations. Famed critic, Roger Ebert, stated in 1975:

“Milos Forman’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a film so good in so many of its parts that there’s a temptation to forgive it when it goes wrong. But it does go wrong, insisting on making larger points than its story really should carry, so that at the end, the human qualities of the characters get lost in the significance of it all. And yet there are those moments of brilliance.”

Later, upon reflection in 2003, Ebert would change his tune a bit, putting the film on his ‘Greatest Movies’ list, and stating:

“It was the first film since “It Happened One Night” (1934) to win all five of the top Academy Awards, for best picture, actor (Nicholson), actress (Louise Fletcher), director (Milos Forman), and screenplay (Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman). It could, for that matter, have won, too, for cinematography (Haskell Wexler) and editing (Richard Chew). I was present at its world premiere, at the 1975 Chicago Film Festival, in the 3,000-seat Uptown Theatre, and have never heard a more tumultuous reception for a film (no, not even during “E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial” at Cannes)”

Legacy

Half a century later, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest remains a touchstone of American cinema. Its themes of resistance to oppressive authority, the sanctity of the individual spirit, and the cruelty of bureaucratic systems continue to resonate in today’s society. The film has been preserved in the National Film Registry and frequently appears on lists of the greatest films of all time. It’s also inspired countless parodies and homages. The Nurse Ratched character even received a Netflix origin series, Ratched, in 2020, evidence of her lasting impact.

In 2025, we honor not just a movie, but a cultural phenomenon. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest endures because it dares to challenge power, elevate the voices of the silenced, and remind us that the fight for dignity and autonomy is always worth waging. From a novel that sparked controversy to a Broadway adaptation, to a film that made history, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest remains, five decades on, a triumph of art and vision. 

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